Mini gator from 375 million years ago is an evolutionary ‘missing link’

By Mark Waghorn via SWNS

A miniature 'alligator' dating back more than 375 million years is a "missing link" in evolution.

The four-legged creature was among the first to venture onto land - after transforming fins into limbs.

Named Qikiqtania wakei, it predates iconic alligator-like Tiktaalik roseae - which was discovered by the same team.

With features more suited for swimming, it opted to return to life in the water - unlike its adventurous cousin.

Dubbed fishapods, they were unearthed in the Canadian Arctic. They resembled fish and tetrapods - which include all land-living vertebrates

At just 30 inches long, Qikiqtania was small compared to Tiktaalik - which could grow up to nine feet.

It was identified from parts of its upper and lower jaws, portions of the neck and scales.

Mostly importantly, a complete pectoral fin with a distinct limb bone called the humerus lacks the ridges that would indicate where muscles and joints would be for walking.

Instead, Qikiqtania's upper arm was smooth and curved - more suited for a life underwater.

The uniqueness suggests it returned to paddling after its ancestors began to use their appendages for walking.

Lead author Professor Neil Shubin, of the University of Chicago, said: "At first we thought it could be a juvenile Tiktaalik, because it was smaller and maybe some of those processes hadn't developed yet.

"But the humerus is smooth and boomerang-shaped and it doesn't have the elements that would support it pushing up on land. It's remarkably different and suggests something new."

He found the new species days before discovering Tiktaalik about a mile away on southern Ellesmere Island in the territory of Nunavut in northern Arctic Canada.

The name Qikiatania comes from the Inuktitut word Qikiqtaaluk or Qikiqtani, the traditional name for the region where the fossil site is located.

The specimens were collected from a quarry after spotting a few promising-looking rocks with distinctive, white scales on the surface.

But they sat in storage, mostly unexamined, while the team focused on preparing Tiktaalik.

Nearly 15 years later, they CT-scanned one of the larger rocks and realized it contained a pectoral fin.

But it was too deep inside to get a high-resolution image, and they couldn't do much more once the pandemic forced labs to close.

Co-author Dr. Justin Lemberg said: "We were trying to collect as much CT data of the material as we could before the lockdown, and the very last piece we scanned was a large, unassuming block with only a few flecks of scales visible from the surface.

"We could hardly believe it when the first, grainy images of a pectoral fin came into view.

"We knew we could collect a better scan of the block if we had the time, but that was March 13th, 2020, and the University shut down all non-essential operations the following week."

In the summer of 2020 when campus facilities reopened, they contacted Prof Mark Webster who had access to a saw that could trim pieces off the specimen.

The researchers carefully marked the boundaries on the block and arranged an exchange outside their lab in Culver Hall.

The resulting images revealed a nearly complete pectoral fin and upper limb, including the distinctive humerus bone.

Prof Shubin said: "That's what blew our minds. This was by no means a fascinating block at first.

"But we realized during the Covid lockdown when we couldn't get in the lab that the original scan wasn't good enough and we needed to trim the block.

"And when we did, look at what happened. It gave us something exciting to work on during the pandemic. It's a fabulous story."

Qikiqtania is slightly older than Tiktaalik - but not by much. Analysis of where it sits on the tree of life places it, like Tiktaalik, adjacent to the earliest creatures known to have finger-like digits.

But even though Qikiqtania's distinct pectoral fin was more suited for swimming, it wasn't entirely fish-like either.

Its curved paddle shape was a distinct adaptation, different from the jointed, muscled legs or fan-shaped fins we see in tetrapods and fish today.

We tend to think animals evolved in a straight line that connects their prehistoric forms to some living creature today.

But Qikiqtania shows that some animals stayed on a different path that ultimately didn't work out.

Co-author Dr. Tom Stewart said: "Tiktaalik is often treated as a transitional animal because it's easy to see the stepwise pattern of changes from life in the water to life on land.

"But we know in evolution things aren’t always so simple. We don't often get glimpses into this part of vertebrate history.

"Now we're starting to uncover that diversity and to get a sense of the ecology and unique adaptations of these animals. It's more than simple transformation with just a limited number of species."

Qikiqtania is described in the journal Nature.