How pesticides damage bee brains

By Mark Waghorn via SWNS

Modern pesticides are making bees "drunk," warns new research.

They damage the vital pollinators' brains - so they can't walk in a straight line.

Exposure to neonicotinoids - the world's most commonly used insecticide - and new generation sulfoximine harm coordination.

It's similar to when intoxicated motorists struggle to step back and forth after being stopped by police.

An insect version of the challenge showed for the first time how pesticides affect the nervous system of bees in a similar way.

Lead author Dr. Rachel Parkinson, of the University of Oxford, said: "Here we show commonly used insecticides like sulfoxaflor and the neonicotinoid imidacloprid can profoundly impair the visually guided behavior of honeybees.

"Our results are reason for concern because the ability of bees to respond appropriately to visual information is crucial for their flight and navigation, and thus their survival."

The world's bee populations are in decline. If current trends continue, certain species will be lost altogether. They are vital in the food chain because they pollinate flowering crops, such as oil seed rape.

Diminished 'optomotor' response could lower their ability to forage, explained Dr. Parkinson.

The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations and the World Health Organisation has already warned of large-scale adverse effects on bees and other pollinators from pesticides.

Insects have an innate 'optomotor response'. It lets them orient themselves back onto a straight trajectory when they threaten to steer off-course while walking or flying.

The research team tested walking honeybees faced with videos of vertical bars that moved from left to right, or vice versa, across two screens.

It 'tricks' the bee into assuming that she has suddenly been blown off course and needs to perform a corrective turn to return to a straight path.

A healthy optomotor response will then instruct the bee's motor system to orient back to an illusory straight line mid-way between the optic flow from right and left.

The researchers compared the efficiency of the optomotor response between four groups of 22 to 28 wild bees.

They had all been allowed to drink unlimited amounts of a sucrose solution over five days.

It contained either pure or contaminated with 50 ppb (parts per billion) imidacloprid, 50 ppb sulfoxaflor, or 25 ppb imidacloprid and 25 ppb sulfoxaflor simultaneously.

All bees were less good at responding to the simulated optic flow when the bars were seemingly far away by being narrow or moving slowly.

This was compared to when they were made to look close by being wide or fast moving.

But for any width and speed, the bees who had ingested the pesticides performed poorly compared to controls.

For example, they turned quickly in one direction only and didn't respond to changes in the direction of movement of the bars, or showed a lack of turning responses.

The asymmetry between left and right turns was at least 2.4 times greater for pesticide-exposed bees.

Molecular analysis also showed pesticide-exposed bees tended to have an elevated proportion of dead cells in parts of the brain's optic lobes - important for processing visual input.

Likewise, key genes for detoxification were dysregulated after exposure. But these changes were relatively weak and highly variable across bees, and unlikely to be the sole explanation for the observed strong impairment of the optomotor response.

Dr. Parkinson said: "Neonicotinoid and sulfoximine insecticides activate neurons in the insect brain and are not always recycled fast enough to prevent toxicity.

"The effects we observed could be due to a type of rewiring in the brain: to prevent neural damage by reducing the sensitivity of neurons to these compounds."

She added: "To fully understand the risk of these insecticides to bees, we need to explore whether the effects we observed in walking bees occur in freely flying bees as well.

"The major concern is that - if bees are unable to overcome any impairment while flying - there could be profound negative effects on their ability to forage, navigate, and pollinate wildflowers and crops."

Previous research has found every square kilometer in the UK has lost an average of 11 species of bee between 1980 and 2013.

It has far-reaching consequences. Insects provide a food source for many birds, amphibians, bats and reptiles.

A recent scientific review of insect numbers around the world suggested that 40% of species were undergoing "dramatic rates of decline."

Bees, ants and beetles are disappearing eight times faster than mammals, birds or reptiles.

The findings were published in the journal Frontiers in Insect Science. Last year a Bristol University study found pesticides are keeping bees awake at night by disrupting their circadian rhythms.