World’s largest hummingbird is actually two species

By Stephen Beech via SWNS

The world's largest hummingbird is actually TWO species, reveals new research.

Scientists say the surprising discovery about the Giant Hummingbird of western South America was found “hiding in plain sight.”

They explained that the northern population stays in the high Andes year-round while the southern population migrates from sea level up to 14,000 feet for the non-breeding months.

The two species appear identical but looks deceived as their genomes and behavior patterns tell a different story.

Study lead author Dr. Jessie Williamson, at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in New York, US, said: “These are amazing birds.

“They’re about eight times the size of a Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

"We knew that some Giant Hummingbirds migrated, but until we sequenced genomes from the two populations, we had never realized just how different they are.”

Senior author Professor Chris Witt, of the University of New Mexico, said: “They are as different from each other as chimpanzees are from bonobos.

“The two species do overlap on their high-elevation wintering grounds.

"It’s mind-boggling that until now nobody figured out the Giant Hummingbird mystery, yet these two species have been separate for millions of years."

The research team originally set out to learn where the migratory population went - a journey tracked with geolocators and satellite transmitters.

They tracked eight individual hummingbirds migrating up to 5,200 miles from the Chilean coast up to the Andes of Peru and back.

Dr. Williamson says that’s one of the longest, if not the longest hummingbird migration in the world. The out-and-back journey is longer than the distance from New York City to Istanbul, Turkey.

The researchers say the shift in migratory behavior is what drove speciation, though there’s no way to tell whether migratory behavior was gained by one species or lost by the other.

Until now, there had been only one known species on this branch of the hummingbird family tree, while the Giant Hummingbird’s closest relatives - the world’s smallest hummingbirds - diversified into 165 distinct hummingbird species.

The American researchers have proposed straightforward common names: Northern Giant Hummingbird and Southern Giant Hummingbird.

The southern migrant species will retain the Latin name, Patagona gigas. The proposed scientific name for the resident northern population is Patagona chaski: "Chaski" is Quechua for “messenger.” Quechua is the name for a family of Indigenous languages that spread from Peru to other neighboring countries.

The research team, whose findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), relied on support and local knowledge from landowners and villages in Peru and Chile.

Co-author Emil Bautista’s village in Peru was a home base for the project but, even with more than 15 years of field experience, he says the fieldwork was the hardest he’s ever done.

He explained: “Capturing Giant Hummingbirds is very challenging.

“They watch everything and they know their territories well.

"We had to be strategic in choosing sites for our nets.

"If Giant Hummingbirds see something unusual, they won’t visit that spot. They are more observant than other birds.”

The team plans to continue their research on the enigmatic birds.

Witt said: “We have to figure out where these two forms come together and how they interact.

“Do they compete, is one dominant over the other, how might they partition resources, and do they mix or spatially segregate within the winter range? Lots of interesting questions to pursue.”

Dr. Williamson added: “I’m really interested in how Southern Giant Hummingbirds make such dramatic shifts in elevation during migration.

"They travel from sea level to the high Andes in just a few weeks.

“They’re like miniature mountain climbers. How do they change their physiology to facilitate these movements?”