Vikings traded with Eskimos centuries before Columbus arrived in America

By Stephen Beech via SWNS

Vikings were trading with Eskimos hundreds of years before Christopher Columbus "discovered" North America, suggests a new study.

Analysis of ancient walrus DNA has helped to retrace the medieval ivory trade routes of the Norsemen.

Researchers found that Norse Vikings and Arctic Indigenous people were probably meeting and trading ivory in remote parts of High Arctic Greenland several centuries before Columbus arrived in North America.

An international team, led by scientists at Lund University in Sweden, conducted the study.

They explained that in Medieval Europe there was an enormous demand for elite products, among them - walrus ivory.

The Vikings played a vital part in the ivory trade, which drove the Norse expansion into the north Atlantic to Iceland and then Greenland; as they looked for new sources of ivory.

Archaeology Professor Peter Jordan, of Lund University, said: “What really surprised us was that much of the walrus ivory exported back to Europe was originating in very remote hunting grounds located deep into the High Arctic.

"Previously, it has always been assumed that the Norse simply hunted walrus close to their main settlements in southwest Greenland."

The researchers used genetic “fingerprinting” to reconstruct precisely where traded walrus artifacts were coming from.

Dr. Morten Tange Olsen, of the Globe Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, said: “We extracted ancient DNA from walrus samples recovered from a wide range of locations across the North Atlantic Arctic.

"With this information in place, we could then match the genetic profiles of walrus artifacts traded by Greenland Norse into Europe back to very specific Arctic hunting grounds."

As the new results started to emerge, another key question arose: if ivory was being obtained from the High Arctic, did the Greenland Norse have the seafaring skills and technologies to venture so deep into ice-filled Arctic waters?

Research team member Greer Jarrett sought answers in a unique way: he actually reconstructed probable sailing routes, taking experimental voyages in traditional clinker-built Norwegian boats.

Jarrett, a doctoral researcher at Lund University, said: “Walrus hunters probably departed from the Norse settlements as soon as the sea ice retreated.

"Those aiming for the far north had a very tight seasonal window within which to travel up the coast, hunt walrus, process and store the hides and ivory onboard their vessels, and return home before the seas froze again.”

The research team says that the remote High Arctic hunting grounds visited by Vikings were no empty polar wilderness.

They would have been inhabited by the Thule Inuit and possibly other Indigenous Arctic peoples, who were also hunting walrus and other sea mammals.

The new research, published in the journal Science Advances, provides further independent evidence for the long-debated existence of very early encounters between Vikings and Eskimos.

Jordan says it also confirms that the North Water Polynya was an "important arena" for inter-cultural meetings.

He said: “This would have been the meeting of two entirely different cultural worlds.

"The Greenland Norse had European facial features, were probably bearded, dressed in woolen clothes, and were sailing in plank-built vessels; they harvested walrus at haul-out sites with iron-tipped lances."

In contrast, Jordan says the Thule Inuit were Arctic-adapted specialists and used sophisticated toggling harpoons that enabled them to hunt walrus in open waters.

He said they would have been wearing warm and insulated fur clothing and would have had more Asian facial features. They paddled kayaks and used open umiak boats, all made from animal skins stretched over frames.

Jordan added: “Of course, we will never know precisely, but on a more human level these remarkable encounters, framed within the vast and intimidating landscapes of the High Arctic, would probably have involved a degree of curiosity, fascination and excitement, all encouraging social interaction, sharing and possibly exchange.

"We need to do much more work to properly understand these interactions and motivations, especially from an Indigenous as well as more “Eurocentric” Norse perspective."