Why optimists are all alike, but every pessimist is unique

By Stephen Beech

Optimists are alike - but every pessimist has their own way, according to new research.

When thinking about future events, scientists found that optimists’ brains work similarly.

But pessimists’ brains show a much larger degree of individuality, according to the Japanese study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Researchers say their findings could explain why optimists are seen as more sociable - they may share a common vision of the future.

Optimists also tend to be more satisfied with their social relationships and have wider social networks.

Psychologist Professor Kuniaki Yanagisawa, of Kobe University, said: “Recent studies showed that the brains of people who occupy central social positions react to stimuli in similar ways.

"So it may be that people who share a similar attitude towards the future, too, truly envision it similarly in their brains and that this makes it easier for them to understand each other’s perspectives.”

To test the hypothesis, Yanagisawa assembled an interdisciplinary team from both the fields of social psychology and cognitive neuroscience.

He said, “The main reason why this question has remained untouched until now is that it exists in a gap between social psychology and neuroscience.

"However, the intersection of these two fields enabled us to open this black box.”

The team recruited 87 test subjects who covered the spectrum from pessimism to optimism and asked them to imagine various future events.

While doing so, their brain activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), enabling the researchers to see how the participants’ thinking about the future materialises in their brains as patterns of neural activity.

The team found that when optimists think about future events, their neural activity patterns are in fact mutually similar.

But pessimists’ patterns showed much more diversity.

Inspired by the opening line of Leo Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina,” the team summarised their findings by saying: “Optimistic individuals are all alike, but each less optimistic individual imagines the future in their own way.”

Yanagisawa said: “What was most dramatic about this study is that the abstract notion of ‘thinking alike’ was literally made visible in the form of patterns of brain activity.”

The researchers also found that there is a more pronounced difference in neural patterns when thinking about positive events or negative events in optimists than in pessimists.

Yanagisawa said: “This means that more optimistic people perceive a clear distinction between good and bad futures in their brains.

"In other words, optimism does not involve positive reinterpretation of negative events.

"Instead, optimistic individuals typically process negative scenarios in a more abstract and psychologically distant manner, thus mitigating the emotional impact of such scenarios."

He added: “The everyday feeling of ‘being on the same wavelength’ is not just a metaphor.

"The brains of optimists may in a very physical sense, share a common concept of the future.

"But this raises new questions. Is this shared mechanism something they are born with or is it woven in later, for example, through experience and dialogue?”

Yanagisawa’s ultimate goal is to gain a deeper understanding of what causes loneliness and what enables people to communicate with each other.

He said, "I believe that elucidating the process by which this shared reality emerges is a step towards a society where people can communicate better.”